Symptoms And Treatment Of Huntington s Disease - 1350 Words

Huntington s Disease Huntington s disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease that is caused by a mutation on the HTT gene. It typically effects persons in their third to fifth decade of life and can be passed onto their children. Neurons in the brain waste away or degenerate in different areas causing the characterizing symptoms, such as dance-like movements and mental decline. Diagnosis and prognosis can be devastating to both individual and family. However, there are genetic tests that can help to predict the probability of developing symptoms of the disease. There is no cure for this debilitating disease; only symptom control and maximization of comfort can be prescribed until future research finds a cure. This paper will review origins and symptoms, in addition to treatments and future treatments. Origins Genetics The gene HTT is located on the short arm of chromosome 4 and is present in everyone; however, it is the mutation of that gene that causes Huntington’s disease. The mutation presents as an error in the CAG repeat equal to additional repeats more than is normal. Normal genotypes have less than 36 CAG repeats, anything above 36 results in an unstable gene (Scott, 2011). If a person has 36 to 39 repeats, he or she is genetically considered to have Huntington s, but may not develop the symptoms of Huntington s; however, his or her offspring will definitely have a great probability of developing symptoms (Scott, 2011). A person with 40 or more repeatsShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Huntington s Disease2653 Words   |  11 PagesHuntington’s disease INTRODUCTION AIM The aim of this project is to discuss the various components that shape Huntington’s disease. The efficiency of this paper will depend heavily on a brief but, comprehensive examination of past and future research that may offer plausible suggestions and explanations to the following four subtopics; the history of Huntington’s disease, anticipation and genetic markers of Huntington’s disease, symptoms and treatment of Huntington’s disease and finally livingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Huntington s Disease1263 Words   |  6 Pages The name Huntington’s disease comes from an American physician, George Huntington (see figure 1), after he was the first person to give an official description of the disease in 1872 (Bhattacharyya, 2016). In Canada alone, more than 21 000 individuals have been affected by Huntington’s Disease, an incurable illness that results in death typically between 15-20 years after diagnosis (Scrivener, 2013). This disease causes both physical and mental changes in an individual, therefore completely changingRead MoreHuntington s Disease And Its Effects831 Words   |  4 PagesHuntington’s Disease Huntington’s is named after George Huntington who was the first person to describe the disease in 1872. However it wasn’t until 1993 that the gene that causes Huntington’s was discovered. Huntington’s is an inherited progressive disease that affects the brain and causes severe cognitive decline. The result is involuntary movements, emotional disturbance, damaged perception and memory as well as overall lowered though processing ability. We know that Huntington’s is a geneticRead MoreHuntingtonS Disease . Our Bodies And The Functions Of1381 Words   |  6 Pages Huntington s Disease Our bodies and the functions of our body parts work in cohesion. Some systems include but not limited too cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and most importantly the nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system consist of all the nerves that branch off of the brain and spinal cord. With those systems we have the sensory division and the motor division alsoRead MoreA Research Project On Huntington s Disease1675 Words   |  7 PagesContents Introduction Methodology (How the research of the project was carried) What is Huntington’s disease? 1. Signs and symptoms 2. Causes 3. Treatment Huntington’s Association of South Africa Literary Review Conclusion Bibliography Appendix 1. Plagiarism check 2. Articles 3. Questionnaires Introduction According to the University of Utah a genetic disorder is described as a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual’s DNA. This means that there is a mutation presentRead MoreHuntington s Disease : A Genetic Disorder1121 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Huntington’s Disease- Huntington s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder. It affects the muscle coordination and decline in cognitive that leads to dementia. It affects both males and females in their middle age (J.D, 2015). Huntington’s disease is most common in genetic causes the leads to abnormal involuntary movement also called Huntington’s chorea (J.D, 2015). Epidemiology: Huntington s disease is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder it occurs in aRead MoreHuntington s Disease : A Progressive Brain Disorder Caused By A Defective Gene1134 Words   |  5 PagesHuntington s Disease (HD) is a progressive brain disorder caused by a defective gene. This disease causes changes in the central area of the brain, which affect movement, mood and thinking skills. Nerve cells become impaired, causing several segments of the brain to fail. The disease disturbs movement, behavior and perception the affected people abilities to walk, think, reason and talk are slowly weakened to a point that they eventually become entirely dependent on other people for care. HD isRead MoreGenetic Disease Is An Autosomal Dominant Neurodegenerative Disorder737 Words   |  3 PagesGenetic diseases are diseases that are passed on from parents to their offspring. An example of a genetic disease which can be inherited is Huntington Disease. Huntington Disease is an autosomal dom inant neurodegenerative disorder with midlife onset characterised by psychiatric, cognitive and motor symptoms(G. Vonsattel and DiFiglia, 1998). The statistics for HD blah blah blah Like all genetic diseases, huntington s disease has a specific inheritance pattern. Huntington disease is an autosomalRead MoreHuntington s Disease And The Nervous System856 Words   |  4 Pages Huntington’s disease, also known as Huntington’s chorea, is a rare pathology among the nervous system. With fewer than 200,000 US cases per year is an inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over a period of time. This disease will usually start to effect people when they are in their 30s or 40s. Huntington’s usually results in psychiatric symptoms, progressive movement and thinking. No cure to this disease exists but physical therapy, drugs, and talk therapy can help manageRead MoreDisorders of the Nervous System: Huntington’s disease800 Words   |  4 PagesHuntington’s disease Huntington’s disease destroys the organs that carry the functions of the central nervous system. Kalat (2013) states, â€Å"Huntington disease (also known as Huntington disease or Huntington’s Chorea) is a severe neurological disorder that strikes about 1 person in 10,000 in the United States† (A.B. Young, 1995, p. 258).Individual’s develop the symptoms in their middle age, but even if it is a rare disorders juveniles as well as children before the age of ten can develop the disease. Huntington’s

Teaching Career Early Childhood Education - 1228 Words

Teaching Career Early Childhood Tanya Borrego San Jacinto Community College Professor Gilmore EDUC 1300: Learning Framework The career I have chosen is early childhood education. I want to teach children in grades pre-k through 1st grade. What does it take to become a teacher? Becoming a teacher takes a lot of patience and hard work. A teacher will have to identify learning patterns of children and pay attention to the different needs the children may have. Children have different learning styles. The teacher will be trained with different techniques of how to interact with children and how to reinforce good behavior. This is a must for pre-school teachers. The children that come through the doors have never been in a structured school setting. Everything is new to the children and they will probably behave as they do at home. I have volunteered in classrooms and watched how teachers reinforce good behavior. It can be the simplest thing, but to a child it will make a world of difference. The children set in their spot and the teacher will go around and give each student a sme lly stamp. A teacher will change and have an impact the way a student learns. A normal day for a teacher is a very interactive day. The teacher prepares the lessons the night before so they are ready in the morning. The teacher instructs the students on the building blocks of learning. The students will learn the alphabet, how to count, rhymes, colors and many other subjects. The teacher prepares theShow MoreRelatedMy Career Path For A Teacher Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pageshow they want to approach the right career path for them. They also have many different careers to choose from, they just have to find the right career for them. I however have not made up my mind. Right now I am working on obtaining a degree in Early Childhood Education. I haven’t decided whether I want to teach the younger kids or if I want to teach the older ones. After years of developing a passion of teaching, I’ve decided to take on the career of teaching. There are many degrees that youRead MoreCareer Essay : I Am A Nurse936 Words   |  4 PagesBriana McGee Career Essay Dr. Lawson November 17, 2014 Career Essay Before I reached college, I had my mind made up on being a nurse. Being a nurse was something I constantly talked about and I could not wait to pursue that dream. However, once I got to college and realized how hard becoming a nurse would be for me, I began to have second thoughts. I have always been a nurturing and caring person towards kids. For me, it seemed like being around kids made me the happiest person in the world. ThisRead MoreA Professional Teacher Is Not An Easy Task Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesrectitude teacher?To become a professional teacher is not an easy task. Professional teaching is the combination of experience, knowledge, lot of preparation and commitment. The person who wants to become a professional teacher need to have firm beliefs and strong qualities regarding to work with children and their families. For the development of professionalism we need to have a clear distinguish knowledge in teaching and should maintain professional standards.The main qua lity being a professionalRead MoreEarly Childhood Education For Children From Low Income Households Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pages Early Childhood Education Early Childhood Educators work in the subset of education that focuses on the infant through preschool age group. Early Childhood Education creates a significant difference in a child development and learning abilities. There is a variety of avenues one can explore for their child’s pre-education. These specific programs are known by several different names, two of which are preschool and pre-K. Educators can work in many different programs with in churches, public schoolsRead MoreGraduation Speech : Early Childhood Educator1314 Words   |  6 PagesEarly-Childhood Educator A day in the life of an early-childhood educator begins early with consistent routines. Teachers arrive at their room and prepare activities for the day. Once the students arrive in the classroom teachers begin with a structured morning activity to get their minds moving. After, morning announcements teachers begin to teach for the day with fun, in gaging lessons that seem to not even be related to learning. On some days the students will go to specials such as music, artRead MoreThe National Association For The Education Of Young Children Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), advocates excellence in early childhood education. According to the NAEYC, extensive research has proven that â€Å"a high quality developmentally appropriate early childhood programs produce short-and-long term positive effects on children’s cognitive and social development.† Preschool education began to become a concern in the early 1800s. In1805, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, implemented the ‘Pestalozzi Method’ of teaching. He believed that childrenRead MoreFinding The Teachers Perception About The Giftedness Early Childhood1045 Words   |  5 PagesIII. Methods 7 My goal is to discover the teachers’ perception about the giftedness in early childhood. I will conduct a qualitative study to comprehend how preservice early childhood education teachers identify giftedness in early years and how they construct their perceptions during their student teaching experience. Applying qualitative research will enable me to grasp array of perspectives and multiple interpretations of the individuals regarding the issue I am investigating (Glesne, 1999)Read MoreEarly Childhood Education : An Impacting Career823 Words   |  4 PagesCherlyn Womack Ms. Triplett English IV 15 October 2014 Early Childhood Education: An Impacting Career ​What young children learn at an early age can affect future learning in elementary school. With that being said early childhood educators have an impact on children s learning during the first year of schooling. For instance, in a daycare-type setting toddlers learn to work together, they learn to share, and they learn to cooperate. Concepts such as these, though not limited to, are concepts thatRead MoreThe Professional Identity Of A Teacher1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthe professional identity of a teacher. We must understand the standards that are expected of teachers by revising policies such as the Melbourne Declaration (2008), AITSL’s (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership) Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (2015) and the Early Years Learning Framework (2009). We must be capable of drawing on our own understanding from knowledge we have gained from previous educational and life experience and use this to reflect and constructRead More The Career Field Of Early Childhood Education1746 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Careers in Early Childhood Education, the field of early childhood education deals with teaching and education young children, commonly at a preschool level. Early childhood education appeared as a separate branch of education after several studies were conducted and told us that the time before a child goes to kindergarten are the most important for developing their learning abilities and social skills. Studies were conducted by the Department of Education, and many other government

The Code of Chivalry Essay Example For Students

The Code of Chivalry Essay The Code of Chivalry The term chivalry has its origin in the medieval institution of knighthood. Chivalry and knighthood have been popularly studied by scholars. The term chivalry originates from the old French word chevalerie. This word itself derives from the Latin term caballarius that means someone on the horseback. Chivalry is not a legal or technical term, rather the word has its root in the vernacular of twelfth century. The meaning of this word as used in the French literature of the High Middle Ages remains imprecise, as it could â€Å"refer variously to a group of mounted aristocratic warriors or the behavior of such a group or the standard that members of the group would have liked to meet† (Bouchard 103). The old French term chevalerie continued to describe warrior like qualities of armed men on horseback up until the final decades of twelfth century. The term did not have moral and political overtones at the time. The term that described polite and virtuous behavior of nobles including the art of courtly behavior was cortoisie (Bouchard 103). Historians have spoken of Age of Chivalry in Europe when the Viking raids came to an end. In the Middle Ages a code of knighthood, also known as Code of Chivalry developed that emphasized bravery, honesty, and courtesy. The Age of Chivalry distinguishes feudalism in Middle Ages apart from the others. Feudalism was not unique to Europe but almost every contemporary kingdoms throughout the world used some form of feudal government. The society in Medieval Ages was harsh and brutal. The knights were the same barbaric tribesmen that had devastated Rome not long back. Hence a Code of Chivalry was developed to tone down the brutal temperament of the warriors in a Christian setting. All knights were supposed to follow the Code of Chivalry. It set up standards for the training, and behavior of knights both in and out of combat. The Catholic Church was concerned with harshness and brutality prevalent during the Middle ages. In the opinion of Church Officials knights could show honesty, generosity, and courtesy as also respect to women if they took vows during the knighting ceremony. Therefore, by 1100s Church began to take special interest in knighting ceremony adding an aura of moral significance to it (Stanton Hyma 261-262). In due course and over a period of time developed the code of chivalry that was religiously sanctified. With religious sanctification the spirit de corps of the knightly world gained strength along with impacting upon the moral law of the group. Before a future knight took back his sword from the altar he was required to take an oath defining his obligations. Not all dubbed knights had their arm blessed and hence not all of them took the oath, but according to many ecclesiastical writers, even those that did not pronounce the oath with their lips were bound to the code by a kind of quasi-contract. Slowly and gradually, the rules thus formulated found their way into texts beginning with prayer, followed by various writings in vulgar tongue. â€Å"One of these composed shortly after 1180, was a celebrated passage from the Perceval of Chretien de Troyes. In the following century these rules were set forth in some pages of the prose romance of Lancelot; in the German Minnesang, in the fragment of the ‘Meissner’; finally and above all, in the short French didactic poem entitled L’Ordene de Chevalerie (Bloch 38). In the middle ages, along with strength and skills of combat, a knight was expected to be chivalrous, that is, the aggressive side of his nature was expected to be tempered with modest qualities of bravery and courtesy, gallantry and honor toward ladies. The Middle Ages culture strongly focused on the Knights Code of Chivalry. ‘The Song of Roland’ composed between 1098 and 1100 documents one such code. This code that describes eighth century Knights of the dark ages is also known as Charlemagnes Code of Chivalry, for Charlemagne is depicted fighting battles. .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 , .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .postImageUrl , .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 , .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4:hover , .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4:visited , .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4:active { border:0!important; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4:active , .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4 .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd0a979c8133b7505f8bb807346db4a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Huckleberry Finn and Pride and Prejudice, Fathers EssayThe codes that can be deciphered from the song include fear of God, to serve the master or liege lord faithfully, to protect weak and defenseless including orphans and widows, to avoid wanton offence, to live with honor and glory and despise pecuniary considerations, to fight for the public good and welfare, to obey those in higher position, to defend the honor of other knights, to refrain from dishonesty, deceit, meanness, and unfairness, to safeguard faith, to speak truthfully under every condition, to persevere to logical in any assignment or enterprise, to defend the honor of women, to accept any challenge thrown b y an equal, and never to show the back to an enemy (middle-ages. org. uk). There are at least 12 acts of chivalry out of 17 entries in the code available in the Song of Roland. The rest of them relate to combat. The Duke of Burgundy in 14th century describes a number of chivalric virtues of the Knights Code of Chivalry to include â€Å"valor, diligence, hope, resolution, truth, liberality, sagacity, temperance, prudence, faith, charity and justice† (middle-ages. org. uk). The Code of Chivalry, as we see above, prescribes a set of ideals of the Middle Ages. They formed a part of oaths and vows of swearing in ceremonies of knighthood. The oaths of combat, ideals of chivalry together with rules of etiquette and conduct were sacred in nature and popularly incorporated in poems, ballads as well as other literary works. These songs and ballads – describing valor and chivalry to be followed by the knights – were sung by wandering minstrels in the Middle Ages. The Dark Age myths of Arthurian Legends featuring King Arthur, Camelot and the Knights of the Round Table further strengthen the idea of a Knights Code of Chivalry. The Arthurian legend revolves around the Code of Chivalry which was adhered to by the Knights of the Round Table Honour, Honesty, Valour and Loyalty† (middleages. org. uk). Among the most popular stories of knightly adventure is recounted the legends of King Arthur and the knights of Round Table. Although the first Arthurian stones were written in the twelfth century, the publication of Thomas Malory’s Morte d’ Arthur in 15th century made Arthurian legends highly popular. The Arthurian tales describe knightly virtues of brave, adventurous but gentle knights. These tales speak of the heroic ordeals of knights who combine the twin knightly ideals of â€Å"chivalry and courtly love† (Marshall Cavendish Corporation 437). According to the contemporary Church, a knight actually served God in his role as the defender of the weak and helpless, and it was the privilege of a knight to do so. The knighting ceremony was imbued with symbolism so that a knight would remember his vows and could live best up to them. Taking a bath was the first ritual that prepared a squire for knighthood. It symbolized purity that a knight was under the vow to maintain. This was followed by spending a night in chapel watching his weapons on the altar. There, he would confess his faults to God and resolve to be a true and upright knight. This was followed by a solemn religious service, where the squire’s sword was blessed on the altar by the church officials. Finally, the young man knelt before his lord to receive a light blow with sword on his shoulder called â€Å"accolade†. The young knight was then told to be valiant in the name of God (Stanton Hyma 262). One might wonder what possibly could be the worth of chivalry today. However, the worthiness of medieval culture may have positive contributions to make even today when we may be culturally deficient in certain respects in comparison to our forefathers. We owe the concept of being gentleman to medieval literature. .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 , .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .postImageUrl , .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 , .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4:hover , .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4:visited , .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4:active { border:0!important; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4:active , .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4 .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86bf2de094caa72167b2ac61ec033bd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Be All That You Can Be EssayThe concept of gentlemanly behavior is much degraded today. We seem to have forgotten the virtues of what it means to be a man with the consequence of much of the social problems from alcoholism to spousal abuse originating from the lack of manly virtues. Chivalry in medieval times was the foundation of male ethical code. It shaped the tenets of gentlemanly conduct every where. Chivalry is certainly not an outdated concept in the modern world. A certain standard of ethical conduct is expected in our behavior and attitude toward others. The relationship between men and women, weak and strong, white and black ought to be defined by standards of be havior and conduct akin to chivalrous code. However, it is a fact that the modern society is the fast paced technological society with disintegrating family and community institutions where the old norms are breaking in to be replaced by the new norms. The individual is a free citizen of modern democracy with rights and duties protected by the constitution. The modern state is a secular state and consequently free of religious symbolism in the matters of state administration. Nonetheless, the Presidents, Governors, people’s representatives and public officials are bound by the oath of constitution in their conduct and behavior. The are expected to demonstrate the highest standards of ethics and morality in their behavior. Nonetheless, there are a number of public figures whose personal lives leave much to be desired. Works Cited Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society, Vol 2: Social Classes and Political Organisation, 2nd Edition, Routledge 1989 Bouchard, Constance Brittain. STRONG OF BODY, BRAVE AND NOBLE: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France, Cornell University Press 1998 â€Å"Knights Code of Chivalry†. Accessed November2, 2009 from http://www. middle-ages. org. uk/knights-code-of-chivalry. htm Marshall Cavendish. , . Alex Woolf; Steven Maddocks (Eds. ) Exploring the Middle Ages. Marshall Cavendish 2006. Stanton, Mary Hyma, Albert. Streams of Civilization: Earliest Times to the Discovery of the New World. Christian Liberty Press, 1992

Running Head Economic Business

Question: Produce a business study report. The report needs to contain the following four parts plus a formal introduction to your report and a conclusion. 1. Introduction to the business and general business environment. 2. Production costs and scale. 3. Macro business environment. 4. Sustainability practice of the business. Answer: Introduction To focus on the sustainable development along with the management of the strategic plan, there are many business organisations which are joining their hands to bring in collaboration which would have a better environment to lead to the people and develop products for conservation of land. (King Halpenny, 2014). There is a business of Aracruz Cellulose which is mainly into existence of the people who are mainly from Brazil under the state of Espirito Santo. The organisation manufactures the product in the farms and according to the growth there is a variability in the sales. The business has been widely claiming to produce the pulp of eucalyptus which is important for the proper nourishment of the environment along with approach to maintain the economic growth of the nature as well as organisation. The main customers in this business are mainly those who are the farmers who would require them on a large scale as it has the capability to prevent the depletion off the forests and the n atural layers. The wage and the investment of the company is overcome from this and the productivity is appreciably high. The main customers are widely spread. But since the farmers of the local area only prefer to buy the pulp of eucalyptus, so there is a control over export to different other cities in Brazil. The competitors o the product are those who are holding the same product in Brazil as the farmers will try to mainly allocate to those places where they are getting quality and quantity at better rates. The competitors can have less investment if the business is able to earn a lot and help in supporting the place with the $1.20 for every $1 in wages. There are many schools and hospitals which have been constructed due to this and the people are appreciating as a large land has been acquired under this infrastructure of the eucalyptus. The business is more a monopoly for the country as the people are interested in producing the eucalyptus pulp which would prevent from depleti on of different layers, helping them to enable a better range of products for the (Brose, 2013) better development. There is a need to maintain the quality of the product which will cost in the average income and the demand curve will be relatively inelastic according to the assumptions that being imposed. If the increment in the cost is more than the revenue, then the firm would lead to producing better units of revenue which would depend on the following formula, where power is inversely proportional to the price elasticity: The market has the series to buy and trace the quantities which would shift the demand and lead to the change in the pricing structure along with the output. There is an urgent need to maintain the relation between the quality and quantity of the product which would lead to a better marketing supply curve. Product Costs Scale To measure the better methods of production of the business, there are certain factors which need to be kept in mind to challenge a sustainable environment too. Some of them are as follows: 1. The control of pests as well as diseases could have better outsourcing of the product. The supply of electricity (Lorek Spangenberg, 2014) along with managing the by-products will lead to development in the production with less wastage. 2. The factor of pollution mainly affects the economic sale of the product. There are certain gases and the usage of chemicals which spoils and contaminate the area bringing a depletion. The economy has to rise above and the problems like dealing with the treatment of the sewage has to be managed and the contaminated water has to be looked for proper emissions and transitions. There is only survival possible, if there is a proper management and development in the area which support and care for the problems relating to sanitation. (King et al., 2005). 3. There is a depletion of the layer in the developed economies which needs to be met and the material has insufficient reuse of the recycling factor. The emerging economic development mainly focus on the exploitation of the resources which have an overuse to the water and other loses. 4. The poverty has to be managed and the unemployment is taken under the consideration to look over for the workers who have to migrate to different cities as per the workers which need to maintain the status of equality. The product quality can vary upon the above factors and it will be varied which will affect the sales accordingly. The people have to take care that there is no emission of the above factors which would surely help in fixed amount of good producing and selling. The information has to be dealt under and the cost structure can lead to relatively higher emphasis on the information. The cost of the overall business would depend brining the large cost to the fixed part. There is an optimal range which leads to the variations and depends completely on the large scale production. The people (Costanza Kubiszewski, 2014) should take that the production is done under the sustainability and the services provide to evolve a better communication which will help in cleaning the different areas as well as the industries. The biochemical engineering which focused more to hype in the countries of Asia have been supported to double the stock under them which will bring in large opportunities for a lo t of people to attack and grab the stock in hand. Indicator Unit Value GDP (real growth rate) % 5.2 Nominal GDP (at PP US $) billion USD 1535 Nominal GDP (US $) billion USD 604 Population million 179.1 GDP per capita USD 3380 Net direct investment flows million USD 17070 Macro Business Environment The operations of the Aracruz are defined mainly under the sustainable development which is guided by the forestry department. (Bjrnholt McKay, 2014). The main source is the renewability from the usage of wood and the eucalyptus has a long duration with a long-term availability with investment mainly in perseveration of the practices which are help for under the biological control. The supply is mainly to lead the biomass which will burn the products under production and lead to the main production of the plantation of the eucalyptus as well as the harvesting along with consideration on the family usage of the agricultural part. The regions have to verify the quality of the product which mainly includes all the coffee and the citrus products. There is a long standing for the farmers to evaluate the system practices, trying to rely mainly on controlling the pests and all the other diseases which could have impact on the plantations. There is a need for the sourcing of electricity whi ch generally comes from the overall production of biomass, leading to burning of the products (Hayward et al., 2014) and production of pulp. Many forests try to raise many type of crops out of this and try to manage the land with the better relations to be handled with the environmental development. The main programs of the forestry are under the opportunity which are ready to integrate and bring in large opportunity for the people who could provide training with the development, thereby, taking a harvestation of the wood in years. The farmers sell the products like wood etc. to the Aracruz where they are able to manage the diversified and provide alternative options which could be much more profitable to emphasise and mainly expertise in the land leading to environmental solution stabilisation. The contribution to the government has been appreciable and the goal of achieving the tax thereby removing the unemployment has led to believe that there are many opportunities with the diversification. The benefits of the same are mainly to crease communities which would lead to establishing opportunities for many jobless people along with better maintenance and sustainable development. The economic has been in the boon presently, where the Brazilian National Economic Social Development Bank has thought to invest in the project named Veracel which is mainly to stabilise the production of timber, thereby, protecting the forests as well as attracting more opportunities for employment. The product is mainly used by the people of Brazil and the nearby cities itself so that there is stable employment for the people. (Hasan et al., 2014) To focus on the certain point which are: 1. One can determine that the product usage cannot be inferior and there is a lot of production in this field. The banks are supporting to fund on the projects which are dealt under this. There are economic balances in the country which are likely to reflect heavy sales in the area. This would surely increase the power of employment and raise the capital of the country. There are not much problem in getting the key factors and removing population. But the general awareness and the work done by coming together can successfully lead to establishment of a big export import business. Sustainability practice of the business The vision of sustainable development is provide the clear impact that the product and the services will be able to manage all the chemicals according to the way it has been engaged in the development. The dependence (Auestad Fulguni, 2015) on mainly the molecule of chlorine emphasises that there is a product stewardship which leads to implications and development. To add value to the costs, there are certain indications which would have an impact on the scale to focus on the technology which are related to the cleanliness. The product that has been build is mainly for the forestry products which would improve the conditions of deforestations and provide an incentive to hand over the rest of the plan to address the fundamental problems. The strategy to develop and lead to an investment towards the social investment mainly emphasises that there can be products which can be (Loureno et al., 2014) formed from the fibre which comes after the operations eucalyptus pulp. The business has led to a suitable positive approach which mainly emphasises on the consumption of the product. There are certain advantages which are taken by the production of the eucalyptus fibre. Some of them are: 1. The plan to sustainably lead a greener environment has helped in support for building a lot of places for the rustics to get erudite enough so that they can prove their existence. The funds which are collected out of the work and contributed for the construction of different hospitals, schools etc., which would be profitable as a total in the productivity factor. 2. The infrastructural development will lead to less poverty and there will be people who would be supporting other farmers too for better production by providing their land for irrigation purposes as well. 3. In order to acknowledge the best conservation, the main emphasis is laid to bring out the best from the different seedlings which could add to the support of the manufacturing process, thereby, adding value at a lower cost price. The long term business could surely help in bringing an overall change in the environment, where people would have the chance to study along with assurance of getting a properly employment. There is a need to emphasise on less wastage of the natural resources and usage of the pulp of eucalyptus would help in bringing a stability for the overall development. The greener the product the faster the development and more sustainable environment. Reference Loureno, H., Jimnez, C. C. T., Prieto, C. M., Pedro, L. (2014). A Collection of Current Research and Analysis from the Perry Center.Perspectivas,1, 1. Costanza, R., Kubiszewski, I. (2014).Creating a Sustainable and Desirable Future: Insights from 45 Global Thought Leaders. World Scientific Publishing Co. Hassan, S. U., Haddawy, P., Zhu, J. (2014). A bibliometric study of the worlds research activity in sustainable development and its sub-areas using scientific literature.Scientometrics,99(2), 549-579. Hayward, J. A., O'Connell, D. A., Raison, R. J., Warden, A. C., O'Connor, M. H., Murphy, H. T., ... Rye, L. (2014). The economics of producing sustainable aviation fuel: a regional case study in Queensland, Australia.GCB Bioenergy. King, L. M., Halpenny, E. A. (2014). Communicating the World Heritage brand: visitor awareness of UNESCO's World Heritage symbol and the implications for sites, stakeholders and sustainable management.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(5), 768-786. Lorek, S., Spangenberg, J. H. (2014). Sustainable consumption within a sustainable economybeyond green growth and green economies.Journal of Cleaner Production,63, 33-44. Bjrnholt, M., McKay, A. (2014). Advances in Feminist Economics in Times of Economic Crisis.Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics, 7. Auestad, N., Fulgoni, V. L. (2015). What Current Literature Tells Us about Sustainable Diets: Emerging Research Linking Dietary Patterns, Environmental Sustainability, and Economics.Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal,6(1), 19-36. Singh, A., Kundu, S., Foster, W. (2005). Corporate social responsibility through the supply chain: MNCs to SMEs.School of Public and International Affairs. Brose, M. E. (2013). FLORESTAS E PARTICIPAO COMO VETORES DO DESENVOLVIMENTO REGIONAL: REFLEXES SOBRE OS CASOS ACRE E RIO GRANDE DO SULBRASIL.Redes,18(3), 226-239.

Yours Truly by Ariana Grande free essay sample

As an avid music fan with over 2,000 songs in my iTunes library, it takes a lot for me to dub a particular artist â€Å"the one.† Time and time again, I have found singers who seem to fill the title of favorite, but then something they do or write turns me away (thanks for crushing my childhood, Miley). But Ariana Grande has yet to disappoint me. Her manifesting love of fans, and new album, â€Å"Yours Truly,† only make me love her more. It came as no surprise when I saw her tweet that her debut album had reached number one in over 30 countries. I played the minute-and-a-half previews on repeat for weeks prior to its release, trying to learn all the words. I cant get enough of the old-school R sound of this soulful, Mariah Carey-esque singer; the fact that Grande is only 20 amazes me. Her dedication to bringing back the sound of past generations is inspiring and gives me hope for young musicians in the industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Yours Truly by Ariana Grande or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It seems as though dubstep isnt the only ingredient necessary to make a hit, after all, even though electronic sounds are used in the last track, â€Å"Better Left Unsaid.† When looking for a pop song that youd expect to hear on the radio, try â€Å"The Way† or â€Å"Popular Song† (feat. MIKA), the former being the first â€Å"Yours Truly† single. But those arent the only upbeat jams. Some others are â€Å"Baby I,† â€Å"Right There† (feat. Big Sean), â€Å"Piano,† and â€Å"Youll Never Know.† Although Grande collaborates with many popular artists, my favorite duet has to be with The Wanted member, Nathan Sykes, for â€Å"Almost Is Never Enough.† The power of Grandes voice is really shown as she hits notes most singers only dream of, with Sykes accompaniment strengthening the performance. This is one of the most well-delivered love songs I have ever heard. â€Å"Yours Truly† is an album with the general theme of love. The only song not following that is â€Å"Popular Song.† But its the perfect fit for this debut artist who seems like quite the hopeless romantic. Grande ultimately wants to express her love for her supporters (which she calls â€Å"Arianators†) in this album, often acknowledging that it is because of them that she has acquired such success. So this review is expressing my love for her in return. Thank you, Ariana, for standing out from the crowd and proving that there is talent in the next generation of singers.

The Civil Rights Act as a Milestone Element of American Legislation

The Civil Rights Act as a Milestone Element of American Legislation Civil Rights Act The Civil Rights Act is a milestone element of American civil rights legislation that seeks to prohibit discrimination based on a number of aspects such as gender, religion, nationality, ethnicity, and race.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Civil Rights Act as a Milestone Element of American Legislation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the Civil Rights Act has undergone several amendments, the Civil Right Act amendment of 1964 was the main amendment that addressed the above types of discrimination (Lawson 22). Moreover, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 removed discrimination in learning institutions, at work and other facilities termed as â€Å"public accommodations.† These institutions are entities, whether public or private, that are for public use in the US. President Kennedy proposed these changes in response to some experiences of racial based violence in the southern reg ion (Bowron 20). According to the Act, all public accommodations must be accessible to every person regardless of his or her color, race, national origin or religion. Improving on the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the 1964 amendment introduced clauses seeking to prohibit discrimination in all state facilities. It also gave the Attorney General the power to support court cases against state agents that support or perpetrate segregation in schools. However, the proposal did not accommodate some provisions considered important by civil rights activists. For instance, it did not consider giving the department of Justice the authority to start court cases on job discrimination or desegregation, stopping discrimination in private sectors, and public protection against law enforcement cruelty. The Civil Right Act of 1968 aimed at introducing housing rights as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act 1964. It discriminated any act that tends to discriminate individuals based on color, race, creed, e thnicity or origin when providing housing opportunities (Branch 73). The Act allowed the federal government to make it an offense to intimidate, injure, force, threaten using force, or restrict someone based on nationality, color, ethnicity, or race. Moreover Civil Right Act of 1968 (Title VIII) is known the â€Å"Fair Housing Act† and was intended to enhance the Civil Right Act of 1866,which had banned different forms of discrimination in housing, federal crime was not included in the proposal. The Fair Housing Act banned any discrimination regarding finance, leasing, and sale of housing based on nationality, religious grounds, and race (Conroy 621).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, although it did not have much impact during its early years, the Civil Rights Act of 1968 had a significant influence on succeeding legislation processes. For example, it supported the American with Disabilities Act of 1990, which removed discrimination against people with disabilities. This issue had not been addressed in America before the enactment of the Civil Rights of 1964 (â€Å"Lyndon Johnson Signs Civil Rights Act of 1964†). Voting Rights Act Voting Rights Act of 1965 is an important element of federal legislation that banned any form of discrimination during voter registration and voting. President Johnson signed the Act into law in response to various civil right movements. To improve voter protection, the Congress made five changes in the original proposal. In order to impose the voting rights assured by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 had criminalized discrimination against racial minorities. This Act is one of the most valuable elements of civil rights legislations in the country (â€Å"African-Americans Vote in South Carolina†). The Voting Rights Act allowed the federal government to oversee elections. Supporting the statement in the Fifteenth Amendment, the Voting Rights Act forbids all states or agents from enforcing any voting requirement, process, practice, or standards that may cause rejection or violation of voting rights based on minority status or race. Along with this general ban, the proposal explicitly bars literacy tests and other tools that were traditionally used to discriminate minorities during voting (Branch 91). The Voting Rights Act is made up of two main provisions- special provisions and general provisions. While General provisions address national issues, the special provisions address particular local government or states. These two provisions are intended to provide protection of voting rights based on language and racial minorities. The special provisions support persons who are American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives or of Spanish heritage (Conroy 664). Section 5 of the Act addresses special provisions by prohibiting authoriti es from enforcing any law that may influence voting process without initially passing through the â€Å"preclearance† process. Preclearance process permits changes after confirmation from the judge panel or the Attorney General (Lawson 36). The changes in voting process are only allowed if they do not have any influence on race or language status. The Congress has made some changes in 2006, 1992, 1982, 1975, and 1970 on the Voting Rights Act. In all these changes (except 1992), the Congress improved the preclearance standards. For instance, the coverage formula was improved in 1970 and 1975. In addition, section 2 was updated in 1982 and bans any discriminative voting law (Conroy 664).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Civil Rights Act as a Milestone Element of American Legislation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are laws that have a discriminatory effect or purpose, which was banned regardl ess of whether they were passed or sustained for a discriminatory purpose. Moreover, the latest amendment of 2006 has updated various protections that offered the Department of Justice the ability to approve any voting changes, monitoring during Election Day and allowing language assistance. Noteworthy, the voting Rights Act has allowed a free and equal voting process. The voting rights have been protected because the Act provides the minority groups with various privileges to vote during all elections. African-Americans Vote in South Carolina. Prime News., BBC, New York, 23 Mar. 1965. Television. Lyndon Johnson Signs Civil Rights Act of 1964. Prime News., BBC., New York, 27 Mar. 1964. Television. Bowron, Aaron. Celebrating the Progress of Michigan’s Civil Rights Laws. Michigan Bar Journal 2.3 (2012): 20-21. Print. Branch, Taylor. Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65, New York: Simon Schuster, 2008. Print. Conroy, Terrye. The Voting Rights Act of 1965: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Law Library Journal 98.4 (2006): 663-690. Print.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lawson, Steven F. Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969. New York: Columbis University Press, 2006. Print

Government in Canada should continue to fund and support supervised Research Paper

Government in Canada should continue to fund and support supervised drug-injection sites - Research Paper Example Public has gained awareness regarding the treatment and safe use of the drugs (RCMP, 1969). Patients of these facilities are called â€Å"off the street† users hence decreasing public use. Patients here are forced to use sterilized syringes therefore minimizing the danger of spread of disease from one addict to another. Another benefit from this facility is that they allow their users to enter into a Detox program. The facility prevents patient frm overdosing and even if they do they are under supervision and good health care. (RCMP, 1969) Vancouver’s Insite was the first supervised injection sites in North America. It was set up in 2003 to serve the injection drug users in large number. They serve by providing sterilized needles and a hygienic place for the drug addicts to use hard drugs. The room in Insite consists of 12 booths where nurses assist you to find vein and inject properly under medical supervision. Nurses further help patients to filter drugs so that they can avoid overdoses. They provide health facilities to the homeless and sufferers.400 overdoses have been reported in the clinic but none died. Counselors are present to help patients who want to change their lives. Vancouver’s Insite has 275,000 visitors yearly costing federal government around $500,000 in addition to budget allocated provincially. (Anthony, 2006) The Canadian Expert Advisory Committee in 2008 evaluation of Insite concluded that each year 108 lives are saved by the facility. Drug Free Australia declares that the European Monitoring Centre EMCDDA technique, applied with Canadian assumptions and data give way to the same findings. Canadian heroin deaths in 2002-3 was almost the same as Australia’s (958 fatality from over 80,000 marginalized heroin users) and death percentages for 2006-07, according to Drug Free Australia has been changed drastically. Furthermore, Expert Advisory Committee assumes that a typical Canadian heroin addict injects 4 times in a day so 100 Canadian heroin addicts would collectively inject 146,000 times in a year. Insite would turn away the fatality of the one injection in 146,000 injections which would most likely be fatal. (Popova, 2006) Insite was given a constitutional exemption from the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act in 2003, by the liberal Government permitting the customers and the wor kers to stay away from criminal offenses while working at or availing the facility. Health Canada provided financial support to the program evaluating it as a pilot scheme in harm reduction. This exemption expired in 2008 where the conservative government refused to extend the exemption from the act. Health Minister Tony Clement argued that the safe injection sites are diversions from treatment. (Anthony, 2006) The Supreme Court in September 2011 announced that Vancouver's Insite can stay open. The court stated that it would be a violation to the Charter of Right and Freedom if they don’t allow the Insite clinics to operate. Order was passed for the Federal Minister of health to grant an exemption from Controlled Drugs and Substances Act immediately. The Supreme Court was convinced by proof that drug addicts are significantly

E-Business- Transforming Customer Contact into Revenue Essay

E-Business- Transforming Customer Contact into Revenue - Essay Example This will just not suffice in today's selling world. One-time sales will generate revenue and help attain monthly targets, but what then E-Business is revolutionizing commerce. With transfer of data at one's fingertips, it's imperative for business houses to maintain customer database for the present and future development of business. Over the decade, business houses shifted their focus from automating back-office operations to customer relations. This move could be seen as a move in the right direction. This helps improve retention of customer database considerably and most importantly, these 'point solutions' add tactical value by encouraging customers to use this feature through the internet to make purchases1. Selling-Chain Management helps both the salesman and prospective customers identify their needs; it covers all aspects of a process-cycle, right from a customer's initial inquiry to delivery. Such powerful software thus helps minimize expenses in a relative term and improve profits. This paper takes a look e-Business solutions can help realtors transform customer contacts into revenue. 'Point Solutions' refers to details available at any point of time to a salesperson in negotiating with a customer. Product and price lists, inventory to advice on product availability and deliveries, will clear the way for better objection handling and doubts to close a business deal. An important feature of e-business is that every aspect of the sales process is considered critical to obtain a successful order. Internet Relationship Management (IRM), a personalized sales platform does just that. It assists in servicing potential customers as an interactive module, and deriving revenue. How does this happen IRM acts as the front-office of a company. IRM is interactive software that has provisions for free e-mail, discussion boards, and up-to-date product content2. As a realtor, IRM could address questions normally put up by customers regarding sales and mortgage of property, project development cost and time, structural features and so on. A customer who can avail all required info rmation through such software will undoubtedly be impressed and order. Legal opinions, blue-prints, property purchase and lease agreements, mortgage details and price listing will help make a customer more than confident of making a firm decision. Also the fact that the internet helps reduce process time will benefit the realtor in concluding sales early and efficiently. 4.0 Conclusion An important aspect of a sale is identifying customer needs. A customer's requirement is a prerequisite in a successful sale. IRM is essentially a sales platform that allows customers to log in to a company's website and retrieve valuable information that may be not available with sales staff. IRM allows customers the benefit of addressing their queries directly to the respective heads of departments, thus eliciting valid and genuine information. This task reduces uncertainties and customers find it easier to take decisions. However, an important aspect of e-Business is that, all information available on the website must be kept up-to-date and the system must be user-friendly. 5.0 References 1. Dr. Ravi Kalakota & Marcia Robinson, Identifying the Problem: Disconnected Front-Office Systems, Page 2-3, e-Business 2.0, Roadmap for Success,

SLP2 599 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SLP2 599 - Coursework Example Review of Joe Schome’s Strategies Joe did not change prices and research and development allocations for the products for a period of over six years. The strategy adopted was effective in that the company did not make losses. Products X5 and X6 registered profits for all the years. Product X7 made losses for the first three years. However, it improved in performance as the years progressed. Nonetheless, the strategy could not move the company to the next level as expected by Sally Smothers. Moreover, the sales, revenues earned and profits made by the products declined after two years. On the other hand, prices and total costs were maintained for all the years. This means that from the beginning, the profits and sales increased at declining rates. The price for X5 was maintained at $285 and there existed approximately six million customers. Additionally, market saturation was only 15%. However, performance declined and as competition increased, the profitability of X5 declined. By 2015, competition was stiff and market saturation was 94% (Mahajan, Yoram and Eitan 99). The profitability of X5 was only 17%. The price of X6 was also maintained at $430 for all the years. However, X6 also faced stiff competition and by 2015, market saturation was 93%. ... Moreover, it has a lower production cost when compared to the X5 and X6. It also improved in profitability. However, its improvement in performance was at a slow rate. Joe should have encouraged vigorous product development so that the company specializes in production of X7. Generally, Joe’s strategy did not consider the value of customer retention. Hence, first time customers for all the products are high yet repeat sales are low. This also shows that the research and development strategy was not very effective. Proposed Strategies For the first year, the price for X5 should be maintained at $ 285. The research and development allocation should also be maintained at 33%. This would enable the company to make a profit of 16%. In the second year, the company can maintain the price and X5 can be 30% profitable. In 2013, the company can reduce the price as competitors enter the market. This would assist the company to increase sales. The assumption is that the competitors also c harge $285 for X5. The company can charge $280 with the hope of increasing sales from 2,145,622 to 2,500,000. In 2014 and 2015, the company can reduce the price of X5 with the hope of increasing sales. It can also reduce the research and development allocation as it seems to be ineffective. The production of X5 should be discontinued in case customers do not respond positively to the reduction in prices by the end of 2015. This is because there would be stiff competition in 2016 and the number of customers would not be adequate to ensure recovery of production costs. Furthermore, X5 has a very short life cycle. The price of X6 should also be maintained at $430 in 2011and 2012. This would ensure

The Concept Of Integrated Marketing Communication Marketing Essay

The Concept Of Integrated Marketing Communication Marketing Essay As defined by the American Association of Advertising Agencies, integrated marketing communications is a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan (Elliott, 2012, P:491). Integrated Marketing Communications, on the one hand, covering advertising, promotion, public relations, direct marketing, CI, packaging, media and all other dissemination activities put into the scope of marketing activities. On the other hand, to enables enterprises are unified dissemination of information communicated to the customer. Its central idea is based on business communication with customers satisfied the value of customer needs as oriented to determine the enterprise unified promotional strategy and coordinate use of various means of communication. Performing the advantage of the different communication tools in order to enabling enterprises achieve promotional low cost and impact of high-strength form promotional climax. Most national brands us e all parts of the mix, each in proportion to the needs of the product. Cereal makers, for example, concentrate most efforts and money on advertising and sales promotions, such as coupons. Other products call for different mix ratios, with some mix components completely eschewed. In addition to these key promotional tools, the marketer can also use other techniques, such as exhibitions and product placement in movies, songs or video games, which have been growing in popularity in recent years. Before proceeding any further, however, it is important to stress that promotional mix decisions should not be made in isolation. As we saw with pricing, all aspects of the marketing mix need to be blended together carefully. The promotional mix used must be aligned with the decisions made with regard to product, pricing and distribution, in order to communicate benefits to a target market. From the facts of the case study, Pepsi used a new approach in its marketing communication. Pepsi holds the number one, third and fourth position among music, overall position among all companies, and entertainment channels. It gives a significant contribution on the music channels with 12.81% share of coverage and holds the first position in that category. It has the third position on the whole TV media with overall 4.29% share of coverage, the effectiveness of which is reported in reduction by researchers (Kotler Keller 2006, p.576). Similarly, it comes at number fourth on entertainment channels. Overall, these new media win the trust of consumers by connecting with them at a deeper level. Meanwhile it increases sales and bringing a better brand and corporate image for Pepsi. Marketers are taking note of many different social media opportunities and beginning to implement new social initiatives at a higher rate than ever before. Social media marketing and the businesses that utilize it have become more sophisticated. In order to maintain the vitality of enterprises, marketers should be flexible and effectively change the media habits of customers so as to maintain the brand fresh and attractive Q2. How effectively has Pepsi integrated digital and traditional media for the promotion of their products? Provide examples of digital media used. Nowadays millions of consumers converse on a daily basis in online communities, discussion forums, blogs and social networks. They turn to the Internet to share opinions, advice, grievances and recommendations. It has been said that traditional media is losing its face value and that the Internet is a fad and digital only applies to the millennium generation. While that may seem true, if you want to stay on the innovative cusp for your business, use both traditional and internet media marketing and here are some reasons why: 1. Online conversations can power or deflate a companys brand. 2. Discover specific issues that are being discussed around your company, brand or organization and create feedback to these issues. 3. There may be events, trends and issues that may be influencing industry and brand buzz. 4. Measure how your online and offline marketing campaigns resonate with consumers. 5. Leverage word-of-mouth to drive brand credibility, and ultimately sales if you use face-to-face marketing, Internet Marketing, Search Engine Optimization Strategy, and Social Media Strategy correctly. People are more tend to communicate through both word-of-mouth and social media when they are engaged with the product, service, or idea. This engagement may come naturally for supporters of causes, political candidates, and trendy new technological products. However, it can also be creatively stimulated for products and services which generate less psychological involvement of customers. For example, Pepsi (2008) uses its Pepsi Stuff online customer loyalty program to engage consumers by enabling them to redeem points for MP3 downloads, television show downloads, CDs, DVDs, electronics, and apparel. Campaign participants are also allowed to participate in sweepstakes drawings for larger prizes, such as home theater systems and trip giveaways. Coca Cola (2008) has a similar campaign entitled My Coke Rewards. According to Nielson research, TV users watch more than ever before (an average of 127 hrs, 15 min per month) and these users are spending 9% more time using the Internet (26 hrs, 26 min per month) from last year. Approximately 220 million Americans have Internet access at home and/or work with a growing number using the Internet for research and social media. Knowing this research, traditional media entertains and communicates to a mass audience whereas digital media entertains, communicates with, and engages the individual. The benefits of digital media can be highly measurable and marketers can often see a direct effect in the form of improved sales in addition to establishing a direct link with the consumer. This can also be cost effective. However, the pitfalls of digital marketing can be that the medium is new, constantly changing and evolving with results that vary. Digital media is known as digitized content (text, graphics, audio and video) that can be transmitted over the Internet. Recently, Pepsi immensely interest in digital and social media. PepsiCo has put more energy and financial resources for digital media, and nearly one-third of the companys budget has been used in the digital realm. But Pepsi still can not ignore the power of traditional media. Traditional media has a higher degree of trust than the electronic media. On the content, traditional media will be further description of the relevance directed on big news events and enhance the audience to participate in the interactive feel of the news events. This is the new electronic media can not match. Q3. How might Pepsi measure the effectiveness of its new campaign? Provide examples. Basically, relatively simple measurements are used by marketers to gauge the effectiveness of its promotional or advertising campaigns. These are mainly reflected in the aspects of product, price, promotion, consumer feedback. Meeting its objectives is the best measurement of a campaigns effectiveness of its ability. From the case study, Pepsis objectives could be: To enable a company to control its marketing plan. To help to motivate individual and terms to reach a common goal. To provide an agreed, consistent focus for all functions of an organization. All objectives should be SMART i.e. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timed Specific- Be precise about what are going to achieve Measurable- Quality your objectives Achievable- Are you attempting too much? Realistic- Do you have the resource to make the objective happen Time- state when you will achieve the objective? Marketing Share Objectives To gain more market for soft drinks industry 2. Profitability Objectives To achieve more return on capital employed 3. Promotional Objectives To increase awareness of the product on the market. 4. Objectives for survival To survive the current market war between competitors. 5. Objectives for Growth To increase the size of the worldwide Coca Cola enterprise. Generally, Pepsi could use the following to measure the campaigns effectiveness: Stimulate an increase in sales Remind customers of the existence of a product Inform customers Build a brand image Build customer loyalty and relationship Change customer attitudes Marketing efforts that are ineffective are a drain of time and money for the company; by evaluating each strategy, companies can pare down a marketing plan to the most powerful parts. For the most efficient marketing plan, conduct a review of the marketing strategy periodically throughout the year. Begin each new effort by building in monitoring mechanisms that will make the evaluation process a natural part of each marketing campaign or activity.

Dr. Faustus Essay: A Historicism Approach to Doctor Faustus

A Historicism Approach to Doctor Faustus A young man studies theology his entire life and in turn receives his Doctrine in this field. One lonesome and desperate night, he decides to ignore God and fulfill his deepest desires. Hence, he conjures up a servant of Lucifer and agrees to sell his soul only if he can receive whatever or whomever he desires. This is the story of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus. Doctor Faustus is a doctor of theology that wants no limits on what he can know or see or do so he sells his soul to the devil to gain these desires. While reading or observing Marlowe's fascinating play the reader or observer should apply the "New Historicism Approach," and take in to consideration Marlowe's and the 1590s society's beliefs, habits of thought, and biases about various concepts of obtaining the "forbidden knowledge". Like the people of the 1590s, Doctor Faustus searches for the "forbidden knowledge", begins to deny God during his quest for greater knowledge, and gains nothing from his vain activities throughout his lifetime. After these listed characteristics have been established one can begin to visualize the relationship between Marlowe's, Doctor Faustus and the beliefs and thoughts of the people of the 1590s. Christopher Marlowe uses his eager character, Doctor Faustus, to display the people of the 1590s deep desire to grasp the "forbidden knowledge." A doctor of theology, one that unseemingly knows everything about his study of religion begins to inquire about the enhancement of his knowledge: "Negromantic books are heavenly; Lines, circles, letters, characters-Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires" (Act I: Scene I: Line 48-5... ...hether or not they should have published or talked about their findings arouse in their minds. Therefore, just as Faustus regrets his actions so do the people of the 1590s regret their discovers' impression on others of their time. Summing up Christopher Marlowe's conceptions about the people of the 1590s through Doctor Faustus are clearly established when using the historicism approach. Persons of the later centuries' societies, such as Charles Darwin and Galileo, can be related to Doctor Faustus and looked upon as a Faust figure because in many ways their characteristics are alike. One can very well observe that the people of the 1590s just as Doctor Faustus lead several searches for the "forbidden knowledge" that lead to the unimaginable. These very attempts to obtain the unobtainable caused their loss of faith in God and gain of fewer benefits.

Intro to Linguistics Essay

The study of human languages; including the influence of one language on another; how language and words are formed and change within time; the rules of the language- how words are formed, the structure of sentences and words; relationship between culture and language; how language is acquired- the process of language acquisition (foreigner verses mother tongue language). There are two approaches/types of linguistics: 1. Traditional Linguistics- the only field that ruled until the 20 century. 2. Modern Linguistics Traditional Linguistics. Characteristics: 1. Proscriptive approach- according to this approach, linguists tell native speakers how to use their own mother tongue- what are the rules: set norms of/ dictating the right use of the language, the rules and the right use of the language- educating the native speakers. The goal is to tell the speakers what is considered right or wrong language. 2. Focus on the written language- Most of the focus is on the written text, which is considered superior to the spoken language; the base of the rules. 3. Diachronic Research (etymology) – Historical research- the study of the origins of words and languages, which reveals many connections between different languages. Due to technological developments, the influence of one language on another is even higher these days. Modern Linguistics At the beginning of the 20 century, there was a shift of interest to the following: The human languages are more complex and highly different than animal communication systems- due to amazing cognitive human communication ability (the language faculty). A known Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Sassure- the first linguist to pose the following question: what do we know when we know a language (mother tongue)? By asking this question the focus of linguistics was shifted from grammar to the study of human language as a cognitive ability (cognitive science). The focus shifted to Language faculty ( ) – and what it consists of. Characteristics: 1. Descriptive approach- we observe native speakers’ use the language, both in writing and in speaking, and try to draw conclusions out of it- learn about the changes that the language undergoes through time. Not interested in what should be, but rather in what IS. There is no judgment of the use, just observation and description of the current use, in order to analyze and find correlations. 2. Focus is on the spoken language- point of departure is that the spoken language is more important to the research because of the following: * It is less conscious, more natural, spontaneous and dynamic and therefore it reflects better the current use of the language. * Not all languages have a written system, but everyone has at least one mother tongue language. * The written language is less natural- one needs to study it in a very logical way; whereas the spoken language –mother tongue is acquired in a natural process, common to everyone (normally in the early years of 3-4). 3. Synchronic Research (current) – the focus is not on the origin/History of the words; but on the current use of the words today. We are less interested in what happened; but rather in what is happening today. Knowing â€Å"The† whereas knowing â€Å"about†! 07/11/11 Linguistic Fields 1. Phonetics- the study of linguistic sounds (also called phones) which are consisted of consonants and vowels. The focus is on the articulation and pronunciation of sounds (independent of the letters/ graphics). How the sound is produced. It is independent of the letters (which is just the graphics). How we produce and perceive sounds. 2. Phonology- deals with sounds in interaction, and when they are brought together into words- they usually affect each other. Cats(s), dogs(z)- something very systematic- ( )) 3. Morphology- examines words’ structure, and the ways words are added into our vocabulary, i. e. – how we form new words. Ex- dis/content/ed/ness (the parts are also called Morphemes- small units of words) 4. Syntax- deals with sentence structure and the meaning of sentences. We also examine differences between languages- the order of verb and its subject, adj, nouns etc. In addition, we examine Syntaxic Processing , for example: Without her contributions/ are hard to find. – At first glance- it looks like something is missing in the sentence, when actually we did not process it in the right way- we can look at the sentence as: without her, contributions are hard to find. 5. Semantics- the study of meaning- both of words and sentences, and the logic behind them. 6. Pragmatics –deals with meaning in context- how we understand one another beyond what is actually said (the use of the language). For example: do you have the time? – One won’t answer: â€Å"yes†; but rather tell the person what time it is. Not like the dry literate meaning, Pragmatics deal with the actual use of language – meaning in context- beyond the literate words that were actually said. – 2 â€Å" â€Å"- : * 6 ( = – 6 ) * 6 ( = ! – ) 7. Discourse Analysis- Like Pragmatics, this also examines the use of language, but the focus is on the text. Written vs. spoken text; Narratives vs. expository text; the use of conjunctions; types of text; different tenses; complex vs. simple sentences; the length of sentences; vocabulary etc. 8. Language acquisition- we examine the process of acquiring a language- mother tongue and then foreign languages. How children acquire their mother tongue so quickly? How does the process happen? Which words are produced first etc. It is related to all the other fields mentioned above. 9. Neuro Linguistic- examines how linguistic knowledge is represented in the brain. For example: aphasia- brain injury that affects the part of the brain that understands linguistics. 10. Psycho Linguistic- a very big field that examines the correlation between language and psychological cognitive processes (for example: lexical retrieval). Sometimes one meaning of a word is more prominent than the other, depending on the context. For example: bug- insect/ computer related problem. The field also examines what happens when there is no context- how we associate between words and its meanings. For example: word priming- â€Å"Duck†-(goose/ book)- the word duck primes with goose, faster than with the word book. 11. Historical Linguistics- examines the evolution of languages, the origin of words, and the relation between languages- how they genetically related to one another (Etymology). 12. Computational Linguistics-deals with building artificial intelligence, creating models that try to imitate how language works and use it in different applications. Related to the implementation of linguistics. Information extraction, more practical. (for example: Google translate). 13. Clinical linguistics ( )- the use of linguistic tools for speech therapy, for people who have language disorders (both kids and adults). 14. Social Linguistics- the field that examines the interaction between language and society (socio economic and cultural factors). Socio-linguistics We distinguish between dialects- different varieties of the same language, as a result of many factors. Types of Dialects- 1. Geographic Dialect-changes according to region (city, country). In the states there are so many different dialects, depending on the area one grew up in. 2. Sociolect-typical for a certain group in the society, which has its own social, economic and cultural characteristics. 3. Idiolect-dialect that is typical to an individual. It is sometimes gradual, and we don’t always notice it. Usually bases on imitation. Each of us speaks a little bit differently (intonation, pronunciation, vocabulary etc). 21/11/11 Linguistic knowledge- every 4-5 year old can speak the mother tongue language. Where does the ability to understand and speak a language comes from? The 2 opposed approaches argue on the source of that ability/knowledge – Is it innate (genes) or acquired (comes from the environment, stimulates, feedback)? Two opposed currents in science, which have great debate on the nature of human knowledge in general. They argue on the source of the human knowledge: 1. Empiricism (John lock; Hume) -every person comes to the world, as a clean slate- have no knowledge, which means that human knowledge equals the sum of experiences. Nothing is innate, we are only equipped with the ability to respond. Everyone are born equal- with nothing innate. This means humans can be shaped- their thought can be manipulated using feedback and exposure. 2. Rationalism (Decardes)-claim that human knowledge does not equal the sum of experiences: we are born with some innate material- we are equipped with some ability, to which experience is added. Experience is not the only thing! All people are equal, but this equality is based on richness- we all share something very basic and innate, to which environment is added. At the beginning of the second half of the 20 century, the argument of human knowledge continued with regards to the human language – mother tongue (different theories): Behaviorism- As continuance of Empiricism- there was a current called Behaviorism (BF Skinner, wrote the Verbal Behavior, 1957). B. F. Skinner claimed, based on Empiricism, that Linguistic knowledge is based solely on exposure and the ability to react- to learn from experience. That means everything is acquired, nothing is in the Genes. Skinner also claimed we expand our sets of sentences, by analogy (differ in only one thing- thus it is able to expand one’s use with the other). For example: a kid only heard â€Å"John ate an apple†- but he will be able to create the following sentence: â€Å"John ate an Orange†; using Analogy. This means, we learn and use language, by: exposure +analogy. —————- In the following sentences, configuration of who does what changes (relationships between the entities) when changing the word â€Å"told† to â€Å"promise† and still, it is automatically understood by a child in his mother tongue: John told bill to clean the room; John promised Bill to clean the room. How? -analogy is not enough to explain the above. —————- Noam Chomsky (Influenced from Rationalism; wrote the Syntactic Structures, 1957) -a linguistic who argued against Skinner’s observations, claiming Analogy is not enough; and we have to assume inborn/innate linguistic knowledge, common to all human beings (regardless of their language or culture), which is also known as â€Å"the Hypothesis of innateness†. The experience and the feedback are mapped on to these language biological properties (encoded in our genes). The experience and feedback are not enough to explain mother tongue knowledge! We have to add it to something innate. Language is partially innate! Evidence Chomsky proposed to enforce his theory: 1. Properties of human languages (natural languages, animals’ communication systems are excluded)- * Homogeneity- except for pathological cases, all human beings acquire at least one mother tongue; more or less at the same time; regardless of their region, culture, socio-economical condition etc. This implies there is something biological in the acquiring of a mother tongue language- we are all the same. * Infiniteness- language is infinite- we have the ability to produce and understand an endless number of sentences, including sentences that we have never heard before. We have the ability to expand the language (for example- we never count to 1,000,000 but we can). * Identical properties across languages- there are some properties that all languages share (therefore- it has to be in the genes, otherwise – how can it be explained? ). For example: * All languages have nouns and verbs –thus, it has to be some inborn categories. * Universal grammer rules/structures, that all languages share: * John said that Mary bought a car. What did John say Mary bought? * Bill said that John said that Mary bought a car. What did Bill say that John said that Mary bought? * John spread the rumor that Mary bought a car. What did John spread the rumor that Mary bought? – Ungrammatical sentence- any speaker will know this sentence is ungrammatical- impossible in English. What prevents speakers of using the above structure intuitively (in other languages as well)? Chomsky claimed that there are universal constraints (in all grammer of all languages) that prevent it. 28/11/11 2. Properties of the process of language acquisition (mother tongue) * Process is quick and efficient- child has to acquire a very complex system of rules, and he does it by the age of 4-5. By the age of 5 he already masters the language (in comparison to the long and complex process of learning a foreigner language). It shows that there is something innate behind it, otherwise- it would have been a quick process also when learning foreigner language. * Critical period/age- there is a certain age in which the child must be exposed to a language (the innate system has to be stimulated, activated), in order to acquire it- the age is usually around 6-8, and in some extreme cases it can go until adolescence (16). If it was not activated during the critical period, the child will have no mother tongue- he will have no grammer. He will be able to communicate in a basic function, but without the richness and infinity of the mother tongue acquisition, since the brain is no longer elastic enough to acquire a mother tongue. The issue of critical period provides support for the importance of both exposer and innate theories. Chomsky agrees that exposer is crucial, but it is crucial to activate innate abilities. If it was only exposer – it would have been possible to acquire a mother tongue at any age. * Process is spontaneous/ immune against external interference- the process happens by itself and the teacher/ parent cannot manipulate it. MCNeal (1964)-research that shows you cannot manipulate child’s grammer, it will eventually change by itself with exposer. * Identical stages across languages- children acquire their mother tongue in parallel stages across linguistics, more or less at the same time, regardless of the language. This shows that there is some biological aspect to the process of mother tongue acquisition we have to assume something innate in order for the process to be so universal. (First they babble, then acquire first words, combining 2 words together, then start using sentences). * Poverty of stimuli- stimuli(the input) is poor- it is not enough to explain completely how a child acquires and masters his mother tongue: a. The stimuli is partial and consists of errors- the child can never be exposed to everything, still he makes up sentences he has never heard before. What he is exposed to is limited, yet what he can produce is endless. In addition, the stimuli consist of errors- he child doesn’t always listen to complete/ grammatical correct sentences: the input he hears consists of partial sentences and grammatical errors; yet the children know how to filter the errors and eventually acquire a perfect grammer. b. There is no teaching- the process of acquiring a mother tongue involves no methodological and pedagogical process (in regard to grammer). c. No negative evidence- there are mistakes that no child will ever make, even though he is not told ahead not to make them. For example: John thinks he is smart (he can be either John or somebody else) VS. He thinks John is smart (he can never refer to John). When examining language acquisition, we see children making many mistakes, but no child will ever use the second sentence when he wants to refer to John. No child will make such mistakes to begin with- they just know, without being told ahead. De Sassure – was the first one to ask what do we know when we know a language? What does it mean to know a language? He distinguished between the following terms: * Langue-the rules of the language, that are agreed upon by some society. The rules of a language, but from a social point of view (a social term). * Parole-everything we use or say- the way we actually use the language (What we actually do, language wise). Linguists are generally more interested in the Langue (the knowledge). De Sassure didn’t relate to the question of innateness- what abilities, if any, we have in our minds†¦ 12/12/11 Noam Chomsky used 2 other terms: Competence vs. Performance. 1. Performance: the same as Parole: performance is how we actually use the language: what we actually write or say. 2. Competence: is not exactly the same as Langue. Both relate to the rules of the language, but Langue is about the society, the community (grammer is something social, that we all agree on- social interaction creating social agreement) and Competence is about the individual (the system one has in his mind: some of it comes from the genes and some from the environment). Competence is the ability that each of us has to produce and understand an endless number of sentences. Every speaker of every language, has the ability (whether it is innate or not). The point of view of Chomsky and De Sassure is different when relating to the rules of the language. In modern linguistics- the focus is on the Langue- competence and not directly what we say/do with the language (the main goal is to crack the black box and understand how the system works). The performance is the mean to learn about the competence, not the direct end. It teaches us/indicates about the competence: the way we speak or write tells us about how the knowledge is organized in one’s mind. The main question that linguists ask is: what does competence consist of? Chomsky’s Model: UG+EXPOSER= G. Chomsky assumes innateness and that language faculty is to some extent universal (some things are common to all languages). He Offers a SPECIFIC model for this question: When a child is born he is in the initial state. In this state, he has some specific knowledge, shared by all languages: Universal Grammer (UG) – it is the grammer that is common to all languages. In addition to the difference in vocabulary, there are grammatical differences between languages: by the end of the critical period, he has more than the UG, he ends up with Particular Grammer (PG, G)- specific grammer of a specific language. There are many Gs, as many as the number of languages in the world. A child is equipped with universal grammer, common to all languages, and during the first years he is exposed to his mother tongue and how it takes place (feedback, corrections, mistakes etc)- and acquires particular/specific grammer. UG+EXPOSER= G. The G is a combination of something innate and something that comes from the environment. What does the UG consist of? According to Chomsky’s model, UG consists of two things: 1. Principles- rules that are innate and that are common to all languages (things that don’t change at all from one language to another, such as: the existence of nasal consonants). 2. Parameters- those are also rules that are innate, and are also part of universal grammer; but in contrast to principals, these are open rules, whose values (â€Å"fillings†) are acquired during the exposer. The values are not common to different languages, Thus they have to be acquired via exposer. For example: in all language there is a subject in every sentence; but in some languages the subject must be a separate entity- which means the subject position is always occupied vs. in some languages the subject can be dropped (English does not allow the dropping of a subject: can’t say â€Å"ate an apple†. We must add a subject; vs. Hebrew- – â€Å" † represents the subject. In the French language, we are not allowed to drop the subject, even when it is known who did the action: J’ai mange la pomme- the French â€Å"ai† is like the Hebrew â€Å" † , yet we still cannot drop the J: we have to have a separate entity for the subject). This parameter is called the Null subject parameter ( )- The Parameter: the subject must be pronounced separately; The Values of the Parameter: (that has to be filled- determined through the acquisition process) Yes or No. In Hebrew and Italian the value is no (in some cases, we can have a sentence without a subject), in English and French the value is Yes. During the critical period, the child is exposed to the data in his mother tongue and they acquire the values to the fixed parameters (the parameter is innate, its values though are not innate- they change from language to language and acquired in the child’s critical period). Another Parameter is: * It is hot outside- * It seems that Marry is late- * There is a cat in the room- In English the occurrence of the pronouns (functioning as the sentence’s subject) â€Å"it† and â€Å"there† is a must: they cannot be dropped (it is not grammatical, although one will be perfectly understood if he’ll say it); in Hebrew, we can drop them. Even though semantically we don’t need the subject, in English it must be filled. These pronouns are called: Expletive / Pleonastic Pronouns- pronouns that do not refer to an entity, but they’re only function is to fill the subject position. They HAVE NO SEMANTIC ROLE, THEY ARE ONLY THERE TO FILL THE POSTION OF THE SUBJECT. We distinguish between pleonastic pronouns and referential pronouns, which refer to some kind of entity (he, she, w, they etc). â€Å"It† and â€Å"There† are not always expletive pronouns- they can also function as referential pronouns: It is hot outside (expletive) vs. I can’t eat the soup, (referential); the cat is there (referential) vs. there is a cat in the room (expletive). We can relate to it as two parameters: 1. Parameter: an expletive pronoun exists; values: yes/no. (In English- yes, in Hebrew- no). 2. Parameter: a subject is a must; values: yes/no. (We can say that if a language must have a subject, it will necessary have Expletive pronouns; and vice versa: If the subject is not a must- there are no expletive pronouns. there might be, but they will not be a must). The two things come together- * Cluster of properties- The Parameters come in clusters- one affects/ can teach about the other. The existence of Principles and Parameters strengthens the hypothesis of innateness, because it shows the occurrence of certain grammer structures is not random- there is something consistent across different languages, which therefore must be predetermined, innate. 19/12/11 Some languages require an independent subject and in addition- they have expletive pronouns (it seems that the quiz will be difficult- expletive; this soup is not tasty because it is cold. – The â€Å"it† is referential- points to an entity). Proposition Stranding and Pied Piping â€Å"Who did you speak to? † can also be asked as followed: â€Å"To whom did you speak? â€Å"- These are two possible grammatical structures that manifest the same idea. It is not possible in Hebrew: : : This construction is called- Preposition Stranding- you desert the proposition by itself: leaving the proposition by itself at the end of the sentence. It can be viewed as a parameter, differentiating languages. Another construction/parameter is: Pied Piping- locating the proposition at the beginning of the sentence. This parameter is valued â€Å"yes† in both English and Hebrew (allowed in both languages). Material for the quiz is up to here! ————————————————- Phonetics and Phonology- These are both fields that deal with sound and specifically linguistic sounds (phones- ) – sounds that are parts of a language. Phones are divided into: consonants (b, l, r, m†¦) and vowels (e, a, i†¦ ). The differentiation doesn’t refer to the letters, but to the sounds that are used naturally/ automatically. (Since the same sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters, for example: the sound â€Å"K†- is represented by 4 letters: k, c, q, ch. We will refer to all 4 as â€Å"K†). In Phonetics- Different sounds are examined in different languages: how they are produced and how they are perceived- it is a technical field regarding how pronunciation works. One sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters or one letter â€Å"u† represents many sounds: university, fur, put, cut etc. Conclusion: there is no correspondence between sound and symbol. Phonetic systems (systems of symbols- used for transcription- write exactly as you here it- distinguish between spelling and pronunciation) 1. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – a system of symbols, used mainly by linguists, in which every sound corresponds to one symbol and vice versa. 2. American Phonetic Alphabet (APA) – similar, yet competing system to the IPA. These are two similar, yet competing, artificial languages/ systems, dealing with the ambiguity of the languages/ with the lack of correspondence between sound and symbol. Both systems are based on English letters, other than special sounds/exceptions (that have no one specific letter in English that prescribe them) such as: * in order to indicate/transcribe â€Å"sh† – we use: stretched big s (IPA) or s^(APA)- (the ^ should be upside down) * ch= t+stretched big S with a bow on top of them (IPA) or c^ (APA) * for th (such as in thin) = 0 with a line across it (APA+IPA) 26/12/11 A minimal pair- * big- pig * sing- sang. * dean- teen (The only difference is the phone- â€Å"t† vs â€Å"d†. The spelling is irrelevant) * knight- light These words are different in meaning, yet they are different in only one sound. The switch of the consonant â€Å"g†/ â€Å"p† changes the meaning of the word. This kind of word pairs are called â€Å"minimal pair†-a pair of words that differ from one another in meaning and in one phone (sound) only. (Only one difference in pronunciation- the spelling is irrelevant) * night- knight : are not a minimal pair, because there is no difference in pronunciation. Phoneme- Phoneme- a minimal linguistic unit that can change the meaning. One of the goals of recognizing minimal pairs is to recognize the basic sounds in a language, that can cause a change of meaning. We use the tool of minimal pairs to identify and distinguish between the Phonemes of a language. Aspirated consonant ( ) * Spy vs. pie- when we pronounce â€Å"pie†, there is a greater puff of air when pronounced. This is also the case in: stole vs. tall (in â€Å"tall† we puff much more air). These are aspirated consonants, which are marked with a little â€Å"h† on top of the consonant. They are two types for the same consonant- the regular and the aspirated one, where we puff a greater amount of air (pie; tall). Are the aspirated consonants phonemes? (Can they distinguish between a minimal pair? -can we find a pair of words that the only difference between them is aspirated consonant vs. non-aspirated). In English, there is no such pair; yet in the Hindi language we can find several examples. Conclusions: 1. In English, they are not phonemes (vs. Hindi), because they can never occur in the same environment/location of the word, which means they are 2 manifestations/versions of the same thing. We can predict in which environment/ when the aspirated consonant will occur. 2. Minimal pairs are used to distinguish between phonemes and also to determine which consonants and vowel are not phonemes. 2/1/2012 Pig – big (minimal pair) vs. Pie, spy (not a minimal pair since there are 2 differences in pound). In English, aspirated and regular – Complementary Distribution- these two sounds never occur at the same environment/ same location of the words, which means they are two manifestations of the same thing – of the phone â€Å"p†. This means P is the phoneme which has two manifestations: aspirated and regular (non-aspirated). This means that this phone has two allophones. Two ways of language representation- 1. Phonemes- the general term for linguistics sounds. These are the basic sounds of a language, and are language specific (are not the same in different languages). They are part of the Underlying Representation (UR): the way and the place words and sounds in specific, are represented in our mind- in the â€Å"backstage†- abstract representation. The phoneme has two manifestations: one is the actual p and the other is the aspirated one. 2. What we actually say are allophones. Allophones are in the Phonetic/ Representation (PR) – what comes out of our mouths (articulation). Every phoneme is also an allophone, but not the other way around! Thus, there are some things that are represented in the PR, yet are not represented in the UR (like the aspirated p). In the Ur we have the regular P phoneme, which has two manifestations in the PR: In English, the only case we see an aspirated P is in the beginning of a word and before a vowel (both must occur together). In all other case the P will not be aspirated. For example: Possible, put, pink, pan, etc. vs. apply, spring, play etc. This means the aspirated P has no independence existence- we can predict its occurrence. The default is the regular P and only in a specific environment will have an aspirated P. The aspirated P doesn’t exist in the UR! Another example is: regular â€Å"N† vs. the back â€Å"N†: They cannot distinguish between minimal pairs in English- will never occur in the same environment. We will find the back â€Å"n† only before the sounds â€Å"k† and â€Å"g†- in specific environment, which is predictable. For ex: bank, Bangkok, rank, chunk, rang, ring, thanks, bring. The normal N is the default – will occur everywhere else, except for before the sounds: â€Å"g† and â€Å"k† sounds. These two allophones are two versions of the same thing (of the one phoneme) that never occur in the same environment- complementary distribution. â€Å"N† is the phoneme, which has two allophones: â€Å"n† and back â€Å"n†. We can predict exactly where each of the manifestations will occur. * The phoneme is in the UR and the allophones are in the PR. * The default is always in the UR! – The phoneme. * The allophones are always in complementary distribution- meaning they never occur in the same environment and will never distinguish between minimal pairs. You can nver find in English 2 words where the only difference between them will be â€Å"n† and back â€Å"n†. * Minimal pairs are the tools to identify phonemes. Distinctive Features 1. Aspiration The pair pal- pal (with aspirated p) in Hindi – these two words are different in meaning and in one phone only. In specific, they are different in one feature only: aspirated vs. non-aspirated. This means, they constitute a minimal pair (In Hindi). Aspiration – this feature in Hindi unlike the English, we have both – because they have independent existence- each of them is a phoneme on its own. Aspiration – this feature in Hindi, unlike English, is a Distinctive Feature- a feature that distinguishes between 2 phonemes in the same language and as a result it can create a difference between minimal pairs. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in Hebrew and English. It is a distinctive feature in Hindi language. 2. Voicing ( )- Dean – Teen: â€Å"d†- Is a voice (+voice) consonant ( ) and â€Å"t† is voiceless (- voice). This feature, called voicing, creates different meaning in both words. Thus, it is a distinctive feature in English, because it can distinguish between minimal pairs. Minimal pair- a minimal pair is a pair of words that differ from one another in one meaning, 1 phone (sound) only, and the 2 phones must be different in one feature! 9/1/2012 Phonetic features of consonants- What makes sound/phones different from one another? Linguistic sounds are called phones, and are divided into: consonants and vowels. The difference between the two: in the production of vowels the air flows freely, however in the production of consonants the air is blocked to some extent. The speech organs- body organs that are involved in the production of phones (Lips, tongue, nose, teeth, and palate). Generally, the following are involved: the oral cavity and the nasal cavity ( ). The consonants differ from one another according to 3 criteria: 1. Place of articulation- the location in which the air is blocked and the consonant is produced (B- in the lips; T- in the tongue; P-in the lips and teeth) 2. Manner of articulation ( ) – relates to the manner of the air flow and the degree of blocking. For example: â€Å"n†- blocked in the nose. 3. Voicing- relates to the vibration/ the lack of vibrat.