A Report On Travel And Tourism Environment Tourism Essay

A Report On function And touristry Environment touristry Es rateThe purpose of this report is to contemplate the occurrent state of the UK touristry market. This report examines the historical evolution of the start and touristry perseverance in the UK, from ancient time to present in case of importance of organism in songed close, the history bequeath lead us to understand the situation better and cle arr and too it tries to clarify the current structure of the strike and touristry industry in the UK. Since we atomic number 18 facing many effects that economic policies invite on unlike industries, the report also investigates the influence of both local and outside(a) agencies as well as global and national economic policy on tourism industry. The an some separate(prenominal) section which has been explained in the current report is the effects of contri notwithstandinge and conduct on hold up and tourism industry its important to be discussed because of the c lear vision itll give us in planning for the industry. Fin each(prenominal)y it should be noticed that al champion industries use up some pros and cons and knowing them gives planners and managers to avoid making repetitive wrong decisions in that locationfore I exit describe what the positive and negative impacts are on local and the globe by tourism industry. narration and structure of the get going and tourism industryHistorySince Persian king Darius the Great has do the counterbalance generation of roads and accommodation facilities for commuting, thousands of years has been past, its easy to find the footsteps of Egyptians and Romans as ancient give-up the ghostlers, Wikipedia (July 2010) comments that Wealthy hatful find always be activeled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, learn immature languages, figure new cultures and to taste polar cuisines. Long ago, at the time of the Roman Re open, places such as Baiae were popular coas tal resorts for the rich. However, we have different concept of inciteling and tourism today.The word tourism was use by 1811 and tourist by 1780 also the word tour was used by 14th coulomb (Merriam-Websters 11th collegiate dictionary).present based on UNWTO 1993, tourism is defined as The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than than one consecutive year for leisure time, business enterp try out and other purposes.The UK was always one of the pathfinders in history of tourism industry, since many of new travelling system has founded or developed by the UK such as The Elizabethan traveller in the renaissance or the prototypal-ever excursions by Thomas cook, Cox kings attach to.The industry revolution and economic growth formed todays tourism, as a issuance of social changes and commodious take ups for having leisure and recreation in the new born industrial societies.Wikipedia (July 2010) claims that Leisu re travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the joined Kingdom the first European country to conjure leisure time to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of growthion, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new middle class.The need for serve led the companies to be founded, 2008 marked the 250th anniversary of the foundation of Cox Kings, the longest schematic travel company in the world. Cox Kings (2010)In the other words, we were facing Democratization of Tourism which has been described by fundament Urry. How has it occurred?Sharply (2006) noted that an historical analysis of tourism development identifies three main periods within which ad hoc forms of tourism push aside be identified1600-1800 a period which witnessed the rise and fall of the Grand Tour, as well as the popularity of spas as the first causa of resort-based tourism e.g. tourism in the Lake Di strict which dates underpin to 1698, when many visitors travelled to the Lake District for the education and the pleasure of the journey.1800-1900 during this period, seaside resorts emerged and grew rapidly. The latter half of the 19th carbon also saw the birth and development of the parcel of land tour, with Thomas Cook being widely considered as the originator of the concept.1900 onwards a period initially defined by increasing domestic tourism but, since the 1960s, by the rapid growth of international mass tourism.The world has experienced a noticeable edition on almost e actually thing while World War II, the tourism wasnt apart and had major(ip) shifts Industries have increasingly become global in the Post-World War II period. Infrastructures and transportation have face up fundamental frequency changes, some of them areUsing motor couches affix in car ownershipIncrease in leisure timeMore useable income and paid holidayJet aircrafts developedComputerized engagement sys temsIntroduction of holiday campsLow cost airlinesLong haul destinationsPackage holidaysSocial changespolitical changesNowadays tourism is affected mostly by new social attitude of government and quite a little toward act of terrorism after 9/11, financial recession in 2009 and growth of the internet and Medias.StructureTravel and tourism industry is really complicated and usually is considered as umbrella industry, since its dependence on a chaw of factors and arenas which are working together, therefore every section should work correctly in order to be successful.This industry encompasses transportation system, accommodations, tour operators, travel agencies, cruise lines, adventure companies, receptive operators, principle bureaus and so on. concord to Rowe et al (2002), Travel and tourism is able to be discussed in several categories, but we basically consort it in these three types that are presented by Diagram1Travel and TourismDomestic TourismInbound TourismOutbound To urismFigure 1Domestic tourism is when mass from a country carry on holidays, short breaks and day trip in their own homeland. ilk a couple who take a two days break to visit their relatives in their own country.Inbound tourism is when some people immortalise to another country form their home country. Like a business group which enter England in order to attend a conference.Outbound tourism this terms is used when the people travel form their own country to visit the other part of the world for leisure or baseness. Like an Iranian family who goes to The U.S just for leisure.In the chart below the topic of both inbound and outbound tourism in the UK have been compared since 2008 National Statistic Online (2010)Figure2 reference National Statistic OnlineThere is also another model suggested by Leiper in 1990, according to Cooper et al, (2008) there are three basic elements of Leipers modelTouristsTourists are different in what their goals are and what they are travel for but th ey are the first ring of this chain.Geographical elementsTraveler-generating constituentTourist destination regionTourist route regionThe tourism arenaFigure 3Some of the tourism sector embroilsInternational or national tourism systems e.g. UNWTO, VisitbritainTransportation system e.g. airlines, track system, ocean liners, rental cars, buses Accommodations e.g. hotels, BBs, time share complex, campingTour operators, wholesalers, travel agencies, adventure companies, receptive operators, convention bureausVisitors attractions e.g. museums, ancient monuments, landscapesLets put Leipers model in practice with an example, a British young couple is traveling to Brazil in order to spend their honeymoon in Rio Rio is famous for its great beaches. They fly by British Air Line, and booked a five star hotel at the beach through the internet. This package was designed by Travel to Heaven which is a wholesaler but they have bought it from a travel agency near their home in Sheffield. They are going to take the train to London since the escape cock is form Heathrow air port.A young couple is tourist.Geographical elements.Sheffield (England) is tourist generating region.Rio (Brazil) is tourist destination region.pickings the train from Sheffield and flying form Heathrow forms transit route region.Tourism elements are busyly Travel to Heaven, a small travel agency, a five star hotel, catering, national and international organizations, and so on.Tourism and travel Industry sometimes get impact of Integrations in companies which are an important occurrence firstly we have to know that there are two kinds of integration, Horizontal and upended.According to Travel and Tourism Publishing (2010)Vertical integration in the travel industry is when a company has control over other companies that are at different levels in the chain of distribution or in different sectors for instance, TUI Travel UK owns Thomson and outset Choice tour operating businesses, and the Thomson and First Choice travel agency arrange.Thomas Cook AG (a German group) owns the Thomas Cook and MyTravel tour operating companies (including Airtours), plus the Thomas Cook and Going Places chains of travel agencies.Horizontal integration is when a company owns or has control over a number of companies at the same level in the distribution chain or the same industry sector for instance, many tour operating businesses that are now part of the big two were originally separate companies, e.g. Neilson and Club 18-30 (now part of the Thomas Cook Group), and Something Special and the Holiday Cottages Group (now merged with Thomson).These examples have made signifi elicitt fluctuations in this industry both locally and globally.The influence of local and national governments and international agencies on the travel and tourism industryThe nature of tourism industry as one of the worlds largest industries, employing approximately 235 one thousand thousand people and generating over 9.2 per c ent of world GDP, delinquent to its complex structure and its involvement in hundreds of different unit, cause it to be affected by the local and national governments as well as tourism organizations and agencies both domestically and globally.Figure 1 from Charles et al (2006) shows, all of these functions must be carried out with a senior high degree of cooperative interaction between the public and private sectors.Figure 4 Source Tourism principle, practice and philosophies governings which lead tourism and travel industry are classified in intravenous feeding levels some of these organizations are briefly described below, in addition it should be mentioned that Iran and turkey have been selected as samples most national organizations.International organizations and agenciesUNWTO The World Tourism presidency (UNWTO/OMT) is a specialized agency of the join nations and the leading international organization in the field of tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism pol icy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how. UNWTO (September 2010).WTTC The World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) is the forum for business leaders in the Travel Tourism industry. With Chief Executives of some one hundred of the worlds leading Travel Tourism companies as its Members, WTTC has a whimsical mandate and overview on all matters related to Travel Tourism. WTTC (September 2010).IATA It is an international trade body, fixd over 60 years ago by a group of airlines. Today, IATA represents some 230 airlines comprising 93% of scheduledinternational air traffic. The organization also represents leads and serves the airline industry in general.IATA (September 2010)Other organizations which have direct or indirect partings in tourism such as WHO, IFC, IBRD, ICAO, UNESCO, OECD and so onregional organizationsPATA The Pacific Asia Travel Association is a not-for-profit membership association dedicated to building responsible travel to, from and within the Pacific Asia Region. PATA (September 2010)ETC The European Travel Commission (ETC) is an association of National Tourism Organizations (NTOs). It was created in 1948 to promote Europe as a destination to long-haul tourism markets. Visiteurope (September 2010)National organizationsICHTO Iran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization is responsible for culture heritage, handy crafts and tourism. Museums, hospitality sectors, catering services. Managing private sectors encircle organization duties.KULTUR Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism is a national organization which is in charge of tourism in Turkey.local anesthetic organizationsGCHTO Guilan Culture Heritage and Tourism Organization is a local organization that acts in Guilan province find in north of Iran.THA capital of Iran Hotels Association, this association works to develop hotels and manage hospitality issues in Tehran the capital of Iran. Every province has its own association.These organizations are in charge of lead ing, managing, developing and making polices for expanding sustainable tourism criteria. Interrelate between these organizations is very crucial, since they are managing a massive industry.For example UNWTO is well-known for its unique statistics and surveys, also Charles et al (2006) declare that UNWTO has a central and decisive purpose in promoting the development of responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism, with the aim of contributing to economic development, international understanding, peace, prosperity, and universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. In pursuing this aim, WTO pays particular attention to the interests of the developing countries in the field of tourism. Its not only this organization involve in different regional projects, for instance the project of Silk road an ancient 12,000 Km form Asia to Europe. UNWTO is working on poverty soothing and omission through sustainable tourism, protecting children from sexual evolution in tourism, crisis management, ecotourism, and safety and security.A advantageously example for cooperation between all these organizations in different levels give the bounce be Rural Heritage Museum of Guilan this museum has been founded in 2005 with approximately four million dollars investment, its now in seventh phase. Its the first eco-museum in Iran. UNESCO, ICOM (international council of museum), university of Tehran, ICHTO, GCHTO, Financial sponsors and local communities involved in founding this museum as an unique experience in Iran.Here in this part of the report we are going to investigate what are the influences of these sectors on tourism in addition the condition of these organizations and their effects will be examined in Iran.Naturally habit of the government in sum upitarian systems and communist regimes is more than the other sectors, because in these kinds of systems almost everything in all levels is controlled by the government. In addit ion finding suitable teaching based on reliable statistic is a troublesome action indeed.There are lots of outcomes green goddess be identified in Iran during lowest few decades, for instance since Islamic revolution, Iran has faced fundamental fluctuations in politics, ideology, international relationship, economy and so on. completely of these elements obviously influenced tourism industry, for example after the revolution many western countries werent interested to visit Iran mainly, because of the nasty face that the totalitarian regime of Iran had and also because of eight years war among Iran and Iraq which made the region unsafe, also partly because of limitation in social freedom for example in clothing or drinking.Political Issues and policiesSanctions after sanctions is what shows how bitter is the situation of Irans policy in international community however in tourism destinations and attractions in the world ranking, Iran is in top twenties but in multi billion dolla r tourism business its just near the finish line.Its hard to approve that you are not a terrorist as an ordinary citizen of Iran when you are preparing to travel to other countries the adjoin for getting visa is a pain due to political policy which Iran has and the feedback of the international community.Traveling to Iran form some countries is hard and sometimes impossible, for instance Israel and the United States.Political stability was threatened by 2009 presidential race and deception in the result which ends with unripened Movement protests. This has decreased all domestic, outbound and inbound tourism, thus the investment in privet sector has declined. frugal Issues and policiesThe effect of economic issues is mostly touchable in domestic and outbound tourism not inbounds. stinging taxes is an encouraging policy offered by government in order to increase privet sector role in tourism.Investing in tourism industry due to interest rate, inflation and economic stability ties with high risk, the interest rate in Iran is about 15% 25% and the inflation is usually more than 12% and mostly about 20%.Inbound tourism is benefiting with cheaper expenses thank to the currency power, one $ US is about 10,000 IRR.Traveling by personal cars has been dramatically fall as a result of the policy of development Intelligent Fuel Cards that has been done by the government to reduce the petrol consumption in Iran.Other issues and policiesGetting justification in order to run a business for private sector in Iran is a complicated and inexplicable process. A person who wants to invest in tourism handle should pass many filters and tests which arent necessarily relevant to the travel and tourism industry.There was a gradual rise in government employees travel by offering Expedition Cards from the government sector. People mint use it to decrease their expenses while traveling.Educating and encouraging people to travel by advertising through the public Medias has made a fluctuation.Producing statistics and information is forgotten by authorities, and practically there isnt any reliable information about tourism industry.The new policy of government is to invest in health tourism thanks to Irans great infrastructure and substructure in this case.Investigate the effects of supply and demand on the travel and tourism industryPlanning for enormous industries such tourism is much more vital today, so there should be a wise vision of what we have as facts and what is forecasted for the future. In addition analyzing supply and demand is a consequential procedure in a flourishing industry.As its been mentioned in the first task there are some models which illustrate structure of tourism, but it also can be defined with this two components Cooper et al (2008)Demand-side definitionsSupply-side definitionsSince demand-side has an immense influence on supply-side, even we can say that supply is a function of demand, demand as a key factor of tourism industry w ill be discussed in this task.Indeed definition of demand is varying in the different subjects for example the explanation of demand in Economy whitethorn is differ with the definition in Psychology or Geography. But lets clarify according to Page (2007) tourism demand has been defined in numerous ways, includingThe total number of persons who travel, or wish to travel, to use tourist facilities and services at places away from their places of work and houseThe relationship between individuals motivation to travel and their ability to do soThe schedule of the amount of any product or service which people are willing and able to buy at each circumstantial price in a set of possible prices during a specified period of time.Each of these definitions in tourism has some elements according to cooper et al (2008) there are three elements in tourism demandDemand elementsActual demandstifled demandNo demandFigure 5Effective or actual demand is the number of people participating in tourism , commonly verbalised as the number of travelers. For instance thousands of people went to see World shape in South Africa.Suppressed demand, which consists of the proportion of the population who are unable to travel because of, circumstances e.g. lack of purchasing power or lack of holidays. There were some people that liked to go and involve in World form but due to some circumstances like lack of money they couldnt make it.No demand includes those members of the population who have no desire to travel and those who are unable to travel due to family commitments or illness or they choose to spend their income on the other things rather than tourism. About the World Cup my brother is not interested in football at all so he should be in no demand category. Or may be some people are tie to enter South Africa so they are potentially categorized in no demand.As you can see all three elements can be explained in both geographical regions discussed by Leipers model.This may be an in teresting question that Why do people go on holiday? So lets see what motivations are, and what forms demand to travel. Knowing this is absolutely significant as a result of the importance of demand role in enhancement of tourism.Tourism demand determinants are different and a lot but most of the experts, despite of new determinants like globalization and environmentalism, believe that Uysel 1998 has explained these factors wisely. Figure 6 is his model in demand determinants.For better understanding lets have some examples, through these samples some of these determinants will be discussed, deem an archeologist wants to visit Ancient Iran Museum to see Cyrus the great cylinder which is the first human right result that had kept in British museum beforehand. She wasnt able to go to Britain because it was not affordable for her for many reasons like her disposable income wasnt enough, tourism price is high and exchange rate is dramatically upward but now she can easily see it (Econ omical determinants).Also if even she was able to pay for this travel she wasnt able to leave Iran, due to social and psychological reasons for example her father doesnt let her daughter leave Iran before she gets married, also she didnt have enough time for spending, and she is afraid of flying and so on (Social psychological determinants).Or think about an adventurous group interested in mount climbing and intend to go to Himalaya mountain range. both Afghanistan and Nepal are good but due to war, terrorism, level of development in infrastructure and superstructure Nepals chance is more than Afghanistan (Exogenous determinants).Figure 6 Source Reproduce form Tourism management managing for changeIncreasing tourism demand is led by two types of factors, Internal and External external factors are those related to touch of person such as income and social condition. Internal factors are base on individual necessitate like health education and personal interests.In addition demand c hanges under many other circumstances through consumer behavior and decision process, cooper et al (2008) claim that decision making process as a system made up of four basic elementsEnergizers of demand. These are the forces and influences that collectively create the motivation to travel or go on holiday.Effectors of demand. The information process and subsequent get decisions are influenced by the tourists knowledge and perceptions of particular places, destinations or experiences. These are the pull factors which lead the tourist to making particular travel choices.Roles and the decision-making process. Here, the important role is that of the family member who normally involved in the different stage of purchase process and the final resolution of decisions about when, where ad how the group will consume the tourism product.Determinants of demand. A variety of economic, social and psychological factors determine particular choices or filter out inappropriate products. These inc lude tangible or descriptive demand factors, such as Mobility Employment and income Paid holiday entitlement learning levels Demographic variables age, gender, race, stage in the family life cycle.In the other hand studying demand can clarify vital data which are main requirements for contriving future plans includingNumber of visitors arrivedMeans of transportation distance of stayingType of accommodationMoney expenditure and so onThese data and lots of other enlarge can be deriving by analyzing the demand statistics and information.Now that there is a very good perception of demand in tourism we have to see what direct and indirect influences it has on supply, or in the other word how supply changes to meet demand. Some examples will clarify how the system is. globalisation has changed the globe in many ways Medias, internet and satellites are playing a massive role in forming tourism demand these days and of course supply side used this as an opportunity. network booking, inte rnational ads, online packages and virtual tours are all important for demand side and tourists. Thanks to these changes, now there are lots of online sites which serve consumers before making a decision. These web sites and TV ads are very important to conceptualize tourists mind beforehand. Its significant since it influences consumer behavior based on determinants that we discussed in advance.The number of visitors during a year is different, for example during summer only a few people wants to visit Sahara desert or in the winter many people intend to go ski in Europe. Low succession and High season are tow different concept which supply side should be sure of, the policies for these two occasions should be different, for example offering lower price services to attract people in low season may is one of the strategies. Also in the high season pose new flights can be helpful in order to cover all visitors.Environmentalism as a new issue has changed the world view of point abo ut many things, for example hotels try to be greener in order to pull more customers toward. Or tour packages to North Pole have been established as a result of increasing pattern of demand to visit ice melting phenomenon and being informed of what is going on in reality.Tourism is a rapidly growing phenomenon and has become one of the largest industries in theworld. The impact of tourism is extremely varied. On one hand, it plays an important and receivedlypositive role in the socio-economic and political development in destination countries by, for instance,offering new employment opportunities. Also, in certain instances, it may contribute to a broadercultural understanding by creating awareness, respecting the diversity of cultures and ways of life. Onthe other hand, as a tool to create jobs, it has not fulfilled its expectations. At the same time, complaintsfrom tourist destinations concerning massive negative impacts upon environment, culture and residentsways of life have gi ven rise to a demand for a more sustainable development in tourism. Differentparties will have to be involved in the process of developing sustainable tourism. This section focuseson what the tourism industry itself can do in order to increase its sustainability, defines three majorproblems, and suggests possible tourism initiatives to help solve these problems. Other problemsshould also be included in the discussion for it to become exhaustive.Wikipedia (July 2010)(Merriam-Websters 11th collegiate dictionary)Word Tourism Organization 1993.Sharply (2006)Rowe et al (2002),National Statistic Online (2010) online http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=352Accessed 20 July 2010Cooper et al, 2008Cox Kings (2010) Centuries of Experience onlinehttp//www.coxandkings.co.uk/aboutus-history.aspx, Accessed 20 July 2010Travel and Tourism Publishing (2010) online www.tandtpublishing.co.uk/acatalog/pdf/unit12ppt.ppt Accessed 27 July 2010unwto (september2010)wttc (September 2010)IATA (Septem ber 2010)PATA (September 2010)http//www.visiteurope.com/Footer/About-usCharles et al (2006)Task 5Impact of tourism, UN PDF